Update: this is resolved. I requested a phone call through the Developer Support website, and after about 5 minutes on the call, the agent confirmed my enrollment. I received the welcome email right after.
A few notes in case they help others:
The web ticket never got a useful reply, and my first two call attempts dropped while waiting in the queue (1 hour and 40 minutes). Requesting the callback from the support page worked.
In my case the payment was completed and invoiced, but the account still showed "Purchase your membership" and the identity verification looked unresolved on Apple's side, even though I had submitted my documents and received the confirmation email.
Have your Enrollment ID, Case ID and order or invoice number ready when you talk to the agent.
If you're in the same situation, I'd recommend requesting the call instead of waiting on the ticket. Good luck!
Topic:
Developer Tools & Services
SubTopic:
Apple Developer Program