This has started happening again, with a different file, but also a large (1.78 Gb) PDF that my app opens for reading.
Activity Monitor does not show the file in use by my app at the time when TM reports that it could not backup the file.
Quitting my app now doesn't change the result.
lsof reports nothing.
The file is also locked. I have tried unlocking it, and that doesn't change anything. The file was also quarantined, so I removed that, too, also to no avail.
I found a shell command to look at TM logs, and it came up with this:
2026-09-13 14:03:33 fs_snapshot_list failed: Operation not supported
2026-09-13 14:02:51 Copy failed because of a problem on destination, error: -54
2026-09-13 14:02:51 Backing up from source: '/Volumes/com.apple.TimeMachine.localsnapshots/Backups.backupdb/Ben's Mini/2026-09-13-135751/Data/Users/Ben/Documents/Music Sources/Tomkins/Tomkins Musica Deo Sacra Hi-qual.pdf', stats: l:1.78 GB p:1.78 GB c:1
2026-09-13 14:02:51 To destination: '/Volumes/TB RAID/2026-09-13-135752.inprogress/Data/Users/Ben/Documents/Music Sources/Tomkins', stats: -
2026-09-13 14:02:51 Target Volume Capacity: 4004000002048, Target Volume Free Space: 3244979351552
2026-09-13 14:02:51 Got non-OSStatus error Error Domain=com.apple.backupd.ErrorDomain Code=11 "(null)" UserInfo={MessageParameters=(
2026-09-13 14:02:51 Failed copy from volume "Data"